Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. (2005). The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. e/ Pros/ Cons of Psychotherapy. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Developing a culturally appropriate depression prevention program: The Family Coping Skills Program. Through principal factor analysis, they identified a single second-order dimension of self-reported depression and three first-order factors. The factors were identified as Cognitive and Somatic and were similar for boys and girls. 4. Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). Several factor structure models, including one-factor, two-factor, three-factor and bifactor models were tested with the purport to determine the optimal factor structure. Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. The other pro is that it has a very high internal consistency. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. [61], affective symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied. These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. Psychol Assess. Kumar, G., Steer, R.A., Teitelman, K.B., & Villacis, L. (2002). Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Full scale consists of 21 test items. Particularly, while Beck et al. Individuals with low education and some Spanish speakers have difficulty with the response format. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G. A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. Yes What Is the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale? For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. A self-report depression inventory administered verbally or self administered. Screening for depression in patients with medical hospitalization. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. International Journal of Testing, 4(3), 199-216. View PDF. The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). (2018, February 3). Dictionary . The normative sample is predominantly White (91%). broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Analyses with adult inpatients have identified a single hierarchical depression factor (Cole, Grossman, Prillman, & Hunsaker, 2003). The Beck Anxiety Inventory or (BAI), is a self-report test that contains 21 multiple-choice questions (Likert scale from 0 to 3 in terms of how severe you perceive the symptom) and it is used to measure anxiety symptoms (severity and level) that an . The BDI-II is designed to assess state-related depression and could be used as a quick weekly screener prior to therapy sessions. Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. The results obtained were: = .78 for the Cognitive dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .45 and .62); = .77 for the Somatic dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .42 and .56); and = .70 for the Affective dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .55). Cole, J.C., Grossman, I., Prillman, C., & Hunsaker, E. (2003). Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. 2015;27(1):68-81. doi:10.1037/pas0000026, Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale in psychiatric inpatients. How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . The inventory contains 21 items rated from 0 to 3 by the taker, with a total possible score of 63 points. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. You will need to add up the score reported for each of the 21 questions ranging from zero to three. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. It has also been used in numerous treatment outcome studies and in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. You need to invest in your inventory. This test opened up a new dimension for health care professionals. The BDI is used to measure the severity of depression. (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. here. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. Criterion-based validity have also shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the BDI-II for detecting depression, supporting its clinical utility as an aid measure for diagnostic purposes [2,14,15]. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. Factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample diagnostic classification of mental?. Trauma-Exposed individuals efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and beck depression inventory pros and cons of depression validity! Of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied to a more substantial degree diagnostic classification of mental disorders M.! 1998 ) examined the psychometrics of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43. 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